Important Note: It is to be kept in mind that philosophy or logic can only be considered relevant as long as it is used in right manner to explain the wisdom of Islam. However, we reject it wholeheartedly if it contradicts with Quran and Sunnah even in slightest of manners. If so happens, it is clearly due to the lack of vision, thinking capacity and understanding of the person involved. It is seen to be the case with some students studying old greek texts or the text whose primary source is those books. Scholars have also written books on being cautious about this subject and traced back many sources of deviation that arose from undue argumentation and philosophical debates. Any study from this bookshelf should only be upon prescription by an authentic scholar and under his/her guidance. Generic books on logic and critical thinking can be used under most circumstances, if considered appropriate.
English:
English - A Rule book For Arguments Review: "This comprehensive books gives guidelines on how to articulate an accurate argument that is overall unbreakable and convincing. The author's unique method of approach to the subject proves to be an asset for anyone, in general, who wants to know 'how to think right' and put a strong argument forward, and for students, in particular". Third Edition: Download Fourth Edition: Review / purchase through Google books Review
English - Ibn Taymiyyah against the greek logicians (Wael Hallaq) Read / Download
English - INTRODUCING LOGIC - ENGLISH - GRAPHIC BOOK (Very easy to read) - By Dan Cryan Read / Download English - On Reliability of Data: An Application of Mantiq Instrument in Islamic Research Methodology Download
English - Logical Fallacies (INFOGRAPHICS) Download
English - Recognizing and Analyzing Arguments Read
English - A short Introduction to the study of logic (by Johnstone, Laurence; Published 1887) Read / Download
English - Logic: An Introduction to the Study of Reasoning (by John Leechman; Published 1864) Read / Download
English - Possible Worlds: An Introduction to Logic Download
English - Reason and Rationality in the Qur’an (This paper was presented in a Muslim-Christian Dialogue by Dr. Ibrahim Kalin. However, considering the sensitive nature of the topic, library cannot verify that all contents are in accordance with Islamic teachings. Accordnigly, we advise this book to be studied with scholars only). Read
English - Using Letters to the Editor To Uncover Logical Fallacies Download
English - The Gateway for The Intellectuals (Knowledge and Ignorance, the Channels for Acquiring Knowledge, and How to Determine That Something Is False or Possibly False) - By Yousaf Al-Khattab Read
English - The Uses Of Argument - Stephen E. Toulmin Read / Download
BOOKS OF IMAM AL-GHAZALI: English - Al-Qisţās al-MustaqīmThe Correct Balance Read Alternate Version
English - The Ascent to the divine through the path of self-knowledge (Ma'arij ul Quds fi fadarij Maarifat Nafs) Read
English / Arabic - Tahafut Al-Falasifah - Incoherence of Philosophers Read / Download Alternate version 1: Read / Download Alternate version 2: Read / Download
Book review (a summary of information from wikipedia - not personnaly verified by library staff): This text by Imam Ghazali was dramatically successful, and marked a milestone in the ascendance of the Aristotelian logic school within Islamic philosophy and theological discourse. Imam Al-Ghazali stated that one must be well versed in the ideas of the philosophers before setting out to refute their ideas. Al-Ghazali also stated that he did not find other branches of philosophy including physics, logic, astronomy or mathematics problematic. His only dispute was with metaphysics, in which he claimed that the philosophers did not use the same tools, namely logic, which they used for other sciences.
The tahafut is organized into twenty chapters in which al-Ghazali attempts to refute Avicenna's doctrines. He states that Avicenna and his followers have erred in seventeen points (each one of which he addresses in detail in a chapter, for a total of 17 chapters). But in three other chapters, he accuses them of being utterly irreligious. Among the charges that he leveled against the philosophers is their inability to prove the existence of God and inability to prove the impossibility of the existence of two gods.
The twenty points are as follows:
Refuting the doctrine of the world's pre-eternity.
Refuting the doctrine of the world's post-eternity.
Showing their equivocation of the following two statements: God is the creator of the world vs. the world is God's creation.
The inability of philosophers to prove the existence of the Creator.
The inability of philosophers to prove the impossibility of the existence of two gods.
The philosopher's doctrine of denying the existence of God's attributes.
Refutation of their statement: "the essence of the First is not divisible into genus and species".
Refutation of their statement: "the First is simple existent without quiddity".
Their inability to demonstrate that the First is not a body.
Discussing their materialist doctrine necessitates a denial of the maker.
Their inability to show that the First knows others.
Their inability to show that the First knows Himself.
Refuting that the First does not know the Particulars.
Refuting their doctrine that states: "the heavens are an animal that moves on its own volition".
Refuting what they say regarding the reason that the heavens move.
Refuting their doctrine that the heavens are souls that know the particulars.
Refuting their doctrine that disruption of causality is impossible.
Refuting their statement that the human soul is a self-sustaining substance that is neither a body nor an accident.
Refuting their assertion of the impossibility of the annihilation of the human soul.
Refuting their denial of bodily resurrection and the accompanying pleasures of Paradise or the pains of Hellfire.
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) wrote a refutation of Al-Ghazali's work entitled The Incoherence of the Incoherence (Tahāfut al-Tahāfut) in which he defends the doctrines of the philosophers and criticizes al-Ghazali's own arguments. It is written as a sort of dialogue: Averroes quotes passages by al-Ghazali and then responds to them. This text was not as well received by the wider Islamic audience. In the 15th century, a refutation of Ibn Rushd’s arguments in Tahāfut al-Tahāfut was written by a Turkic scholar Mustafā Ibn Yūsuf al-Bursawī, also known as Khwājah Zādā (d. 1487), who defended al-Ghazali's views. This once again indicated to Islamic scholars the weakness of human understanding and the strength of faith.
Some books by Early Orientalists:
An introductory logic - by Creighton, James Edwin, 1861-1924 - Publication date 1909 - Read / Download
Elementary logic - by Sidgwick, Alfred - Publication date 1914 - Read / Download
Essentials of logic - by Dinwiddie, William - Publication date 1914 - Read / Download
Inductive logic - by Ballantine, W. G. (William Gay) - Publication date 1896 - Read / Download
Introduction to logic (by Bachhuber, Andrew H) - Published 1957 - Read / Download
Logic - by Stock, George William Joseph, St (published in 1900) - Read / Download
Logic - by Clarke, Richard F. (Published in 1889) - Read / Download
Logic - by Jevons, William Stanley (Publication date 1876) - Read / Download
Logic - by Whately, Richard (Publication date 1872) - Read / Download
Logic - by Sigwart, Christoph; Dendy, Helen (Publication date 1895) - Read / Download
Logic - by Hermann Lotze - Publication date 1884 - Read / Download
Logic: deductive and inductive - by Hibben, John Grier (Publication date 1906) - Read / Download
Practical logic - by Smart, Benjamin Humphrey - Publication date 1823 - Read / Download
Principles Of Logic - by Joyce, George Hayward - Publication date 1916 - Read / Download
Malay:
English - Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools (Isagochi) Read Preview (38 pages)
Arabic, Urdu and Farsi / Persian (sorted by first letter in the title):
Urdu - Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah Allama Syed Suleiman Nadvi (This book is a very useful resource in terms of understanding historical use of 'Mantiq', 'Philosophy' and likes of them and how their inappropriate use led to misguidance and rise of deviant sects. We accordingly get a message that we should not try to delve into matters which our intellect is not able to understand and using philosophical approach in such matters leads to complete misguidances) Read / Download
Arabic - Al-Hadya tus Sa'aidiyah الھدیۃ السعیدیۃ
Al-Hadya tus Sa'aidiyah الھدیۃ السعیدیۃ by Molana Fazal Haq Khairabadi - Read / Download
Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam, Falsafa wa Mantaq ki Muzzamat - علم الکلام فلسفہ و منطق کی مذمت اور مشہور منطق پرستوں کی توبہ زیر تبصرہ چودہ صفحات پر مشتمل یہ چھوٹا سا کتابچہ ’’علم الکلام فلسفہ ومنطق کی مذمت اور مشہور منطق پرستوں کی توبہ‘‘سعودی عرب کے معروف عالم دین شیخ عبد المحسن العباد کی کتاب قطف الجنی الدانی شرح مقدمۃ القیروانی صفحہ 54 تا 61 سے ماخوذ ہے اور ترجمہ کی سعادت محترم طارق علی بروہی نے حاصل کی ہے۔اس میں موصوف نے پہلے حصہ میں مختلف علماء سلف مثلا امام شافعی، امام احمد بن حنبل ،امام ابو یوسف اور امام ذہبی وغیرہ جیسے اہل علم کے اقوال کی روشنی میں علم الکلام فلسفہ ومنطق کی مذمت پر استدلال کیا ہے اور اس کی خرابی کو واضح کیا ہے۔ اور دوسرے حصے میں مشہور منطق پرستوں کی توبہ اور رجوع الی الحق کے واقعات کو بیان کیا ہے۔یہ کتابچہ اپنے موضوع پر ایک مفید اور راہنما تحریر ہے ۔اللہ تعالی سے دعا ہے کہ وہ اس کے فائدے کو عام کردے اور مسلمانوں کو منطق وفلسفہ جیسی فضولیات میں پڑنے کی بجائے براہ راست قرآن وحدیث پر عمل کرنے کی توفیق عطا فرمائے۔آمین۔ Read / Download
Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam by Maulana Idrees Kandhalvi (علم الکلام - مولانا ادریس کاندھلوی) Read / Download
Arabic - ILM-UL-MANTIQ by Dr. Naif Bin Nahar Read / Download
Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam Allama Shibli Nomani (1200+ pages) Read / Download
Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam aur Al-Kalam Allama Shibli Nomani (450+ pages) Read / Download
Urdu - Tanqeed Aqal Mahaz تنقید عقل محض کانٹ اور اس کی مشہور و معروف زیر مطالعہ کتاب ’تنقید عقل محض‘ کو جو اہمیت جدید فلسفے میں حاصل ہے اسے اہل نظر بخوبی جانتے ہیں۔ اس میں فلسفے کے سب اہم مسئلہ یعنی نظریہ علم کو موضوع بحث بنایا گیا ہے۔ لیکن یہ کتاب جس قدر اہم ہے اسی قدر مشکل ہے اس لیے کہ ایک تو موضوع کافی ادق ہے دوسرا کانٹ کا اسلوب بیان پیچیدگی سے خالی نہیں۔ برصغیر پاک و ہند میں فلسفے کا ذوق رکھنے والے عموماً جرمن زبان سے واقف نہیں ہیں اس لیے ان کی دسترس صرف کانٹ کی تصانیف کے انگریزی ترجموں تک ہےجبکہ ’تنقید عقل محض‘ کے جتنے انگریزی تراجم ہوئے ہیں وہ اصل کتاب سے بھی زیادہ پیچیدہ ہیں۔ اس مشکل کو محترم عابد حسین نے بہت خوش اسلوبی سے حل کیا ہے اور اس کتاب کا ایسا اردو ترجمہ کیا ہے کہ بہت سے ہندوستانیوں کو اس کتاب کے مطالب و معانی میں سمجھنے میں کسی مشکل کا سامنا نہیں کرنا پڑتا۔ انھوں نے کتاب کے مضمون کو صحت، سلاست اور وضاحت کے ساتھ ادا کرنے کی پوری کوشش کی ہے۔ محترم مترجم نے ترجمہ کے لیے صرف دوسرے ایڈیشن کو سامنے رکھا ہے جو کانٹ نے اصلاح و ترمیم کے بعد شائع کیا تھا اور جو متفقہ طور پر مستند مانا جاتا ہے۔ پوری کتاب کا ترجمہ کرنے کے بجائے صرف دو تہائی ترجمے پر اکتفا کیا گیا ہے جس میں اصل مسئلے یعنی نظریہ علم کا ذکر ہے۔ Download
Urdu: Taqub Al Falasifah 'تھافت الفلاسفہ' کا ترجمہ 'تعاقب فلاسفہ' Read / Download
Arabic - Tasheel Ul Mantiq تسھیل المنطق Read / Download