Some Resources on Critical and Creative Thinking:

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Important Note:
It is to be kept in mind that philosophy or logic can only be considered relevant as long as it is used in right manner to explain the wisdom of Islam. However, we reject it wholeheartedly if it contradicts with Quran and Sunnah even in slightest of manners. If so happens, it is clearly due to the lack of vision, thinking capacity and understanding of the person involved. It is seen to be the case with some students studying old greek texts or the text whose primary source is those books. Scholars have also written books on being cautious about this subject and traced back many sources of deviation that arose from undue argumentation and philosophical debates.
Any study from this bookshelf should only be upon prescription by an authentic scholar and under his/her guidance.  
Generic books on logic and critical thinking can be used under most circumstances, if considered appropriate.

English:

English - A Rule book For Arguments
Review: "This comprehensive books gives guidelines on how to articulate an accurate argument that is overall unbreakable and convincing. The author's unique method of approach to the subject proves to be an asset for anyone, in general, who wants to know 'how to think right' and put a strong argument forward, and for students, in particular". 
Third Edition: Download
Fourth Edition: Review / purchase through Google books
Review

English - Al-Mojiz (Shia book on Logic)
Download

English - Ibn Taymiyyah against the greek logicians (Wael Hallaq)
Read / Download

English - INTRODUCING LOGIC - ENGLISH - GRAPHIC BOOK
(Very easy to read) - By Dan Cryan
Read / Download
​
English - On Reliability of Data: An Application of Mantiq Instrument in Islamic Research Methodology
Download

English - Logical Fallacies (INFOGRAPHICS)
Download

English - Recognizing and Analyzing Arguments
Read

English - A short Introduction to the study of logic (by Johnstone, Laurence; Published 1887)
Read / Download

English - Logic: An Introduction to the Study of Reasoning (by John Leechman; Published 1864​)
Read / Download

English - Possible Worlds: An Introduction to Logic
Download

​​English - Reason and Rationality in the Qur’an
(This paper was presented in a Muslim-Christian Dialogue by Dr. Ibrahim Kalin. However, considering the sensitive nature of the topic, library cannot verify that all contents are in accordance with Islamic teachings. Accordnigly, we advise this book to be studied with scholars only).
Read

English - ​Using Letters to the Editor To Uncover Logical Fallacies
Download

English - The Gateway for The Intellectuals​ (Knowledge and Ignorance, the Channels for Acquiring Knowledge, and How to Determine That Something Is False or Possibly False) - By Yousaf Al-Khattab
Read

English - The Uses Of Argument - ​Stephen E. Toulmin
Read / Download


BOOKS OF IMAM AL-GHAZALI:
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English - Al-Qisţās al-MustaqīmThe Correct Balance
Read
Alternate Version

English - The Ascent to the divine through the path of self-knowledge (Ma'arij ul Quds fi fadarij Maarifat Nafs)
Read

English / Arabic - Tahafut Al-Falasifah - Incoherence of Philosophers
Read / Download
Alternate version 1: Read / Download
Alternate version 2: Read / Download

Book review (a summary of information from wikipedia - not personnaly verified by library staff):
This text by Imam Ghazali was dramatically successful, and marked a milestone in the ascendance of the Aristotelian logic school within Islamic philosophy and theological discourse. Imam Al-Ghazali stated that one must be well versed in the ideas of the philosophers before setting out to refute their ideas. Al-Ghazali also stated that he did not find other branches of philosophy including physics, logic, astronomy or mathematics problematic. His only dispute was with metaphysics, in which he claimed that the philosophers did not use the same tools, namely logic, which they used for other sciences.

The tahafut is organized into twenty chapters in which al-Ghazali attempts to refute Avicenna's doctrines. He states that Avicenna and his followers have erred in seventeen points (each one of which he addresses in detail in a chapter, for a total of 17 chapters). But in three other chapters, he accuses them of being utterly irreligious. Among the charges that he leveled against the philosophers is their inability to prove the existence of God and inability to prove the impossibility of the existence of two gods.

The twenty points are as follows:
  • Refuting the doctrine of the world's pre-eternity.
  • Refuting the doctrine of the world's post-eternity.
  • Showing their equivocation of the following two statements: God is the creator of the world vs. the world is God's creation.
  • The inability of philosophers to prove the existence of the Creator.
  • The inability of philosophers to prove the impossibility of the existence of two gods.
  • The philosopher's doctrine of denying the existence of God's attributes.
  • Refutation of their statement: "the essence of the First is not divisible into genus and species".
  • Refutation of their statement: "the First is simple existent without quiddity".
  • Their inability to demonstrate that the First is not a body.
  • Discussing their materialist doctrine necessitates a denial of the maker.
  • Their inability to show that the First knows others.
  • Their inability to show that the First knows Himself.
  • Refuting that the First does not know the Particulars.
  • Refuting their doctrine that states: "the heavens are an animal that moves on its own volition".
  • Refuting what they say regarding the reason that the heavens move.
  • Refuting their doctrine that the heavens are souls that know the particulars.
  • Refuting their doctrine that disruption of causality is impossible.
  • Refuting their statement that the human soul is a self-sustaining substance that is neither a body nor an accident.
  • Refuting their assertion of the impossibility of the annihilation of the human soul.
  • Refuting their denial of bodily resurrection and the accompanying pleasures of Paradise or the pains of Hellfire.

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) wrote a refutation of Al-Ghazali's work entitled The Incoherence of the Incoherence (Tahāfut al-Tahāfut) in which he defends the doctrines of the philosophers and criticizes al-Ghazali's own arguments. It is written as a sort of dialogue: Averroes quotes passages by al-Ghazali and then responds to them. This text was not as well received by the wider Islamic audience. In the 15th century, a refutation of Ibn Rushd’s arguments in Tahāfut al-Tahāfut was written by a Turkic scholar Mustafā Ibn Yūsuf al-Bursawī, also known as Khwājah Zādā (d. 1487), who defended al-Ghazali's views. This once again indicated to Islamic scholars the weakness of human understanding and the strength of faith.
Some books by Early Orientalists:
  • An introductory logic - by Creighton, James Edwin, 1861-1924 - Publication date 1909 - Read / Download
  • Elementary logic - by Sidgwick, Alfred - Publication date 1914 - Read / Download
  • Essentials of logic - by Dinwiddie, William - Publication date 1914 - Read / Download
  • Inductive logic - by Ballantine, W. G. (William Gay) - Publication date 1896 - Read / Download
  • Introduction to logic (by Bachhuber, Andrew H) - Published 1957 - Read / Download
  • Logic - by Stock, George William Joseph, St (published in 1900) - Read / Download
  • Logic - by Clarke, Richard F. (Published in 1889) - Read / Download
  • Logic - by Jevons, William Stanley (Publication date 1876) - Read / Download
  • Logic - by Whately, Richard (Publication date 1872) - Read / Download
  • Logic - by Sigwart, Christoph; Dendy, Helen (Publication date 1895) - Read / Download
  • Logic - by Hermann Lotze - Publication date 1884 - Read / Download
  • Logic: deductive and inductive - by Hibben, John Grier (Publication date 1906) - Read / Download
  • Practical logic - by Smart, Benjamin Humphrey - Publication date 1823 - Read / Download
  • Principles Of Logic - by Joyce, George Hayward - Publication date 1916 - Read / Download

Malay:

English - Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools (Isagochi)
Read Preview (38 pages)

Arabic, Urdu and Farsi / Persian (sorted by first letter in the title):

Urdu - Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah
Allama Syed Suleiman Nadvi
(This book is a very useful resource in terms of understanding historical use of 'Mantiq', 'Philosophy' and likes of them and how their inappropriate use led to misguidance and rise of deviant sects. We accordingly get a message that we should not try to delve into matters which our intellect is not able to understand and using philosophical approach in such matters leads to complete misguidances)
Read / Download

Arabic - Al-Hadya tus Sa'aidiyah الھدیۃ السعیدیۃ 
  • Al-Hadya tus Sa'aidiyah الھدیۃ السعیدیۃ by Molana Fazal Haq Khairabadi - Read / Download
  • Urdu - ھدیۃ سعیدیہ - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Sharh Al Hadyat us Saeedia التحفۃ المرضیہ - Read / Download

​Arabic - Al-Islam Wal Madhahib Al-Falsafiyyah (Dr. Mustafa Haleemi)
Read / Download

​Urdu - Al-Intibahat il Mufeedah (Ilm ul Kalam) الانتباھات المفیدہ (Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi)
Read / Download

Arabic - Al Khayali Arabic Sharh Sharh ul Aqaid الخیالی
Downland (7MB) / Read Online

Arabic / Urdu - Al Maibazi المیبذی
  • Arabic - Al Maibazi المیبذی / ​Downland (20MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Ashraf ul Marzi Urdu Sharh Maibazi اشرف المرضی - Downland (7MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Tawzeeh ul Maibazi Urdu Sharh Maibazi توضیح المیبذی - Downland (6MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Tasheel ul Maibazi Urdu Sharh Al Maibazi تسھیل المیبذی - Downland (1MB) / Read Online
​
Arabic / Urdu - Al Mirqat المرقاۃ
  • Arabic - Al-Mirqaat - Read / Download
  • Arabic - Al-Mishkat Sharh Mirqat - Dawat e Islami (Maslak Brelviyyah) - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Al Tashrihaat Urdu Sharh Al Mirqat التشریحات - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Al Taqreerat Urdu Sharha Al Mirqat التقریرات اردو شرح المرقات - Maulana Muhammad Ashraf - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Agraaz Mirqaat اغراض مرقات- Mufti Muhanmmad Yusuf ul Qadri - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Taozihat Urdu Sharh Al Mirqat توضیحات - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Tohfat ul Mazoor Urdu Sharh Al Mirqat تحفۃ المنظور - Read / Download

​Arabic - Al Mutawwal المطول
Arabic - Al-Qutbi القطبی
  • Arabic - Al-Qutbi - Download
  • Arabic - Sharh Al Qutbi الھام الباری - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Tasheel E Qutbi Urdu Sharh Al Qutbi تسھیل قطبی - Read / Download
  • Urdu - تیسیر قطبی - Download
  • Urdu - Al Aqal Wan Naqal (Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani) - ​Read / Download
  • Al Tauzeeh Al Muzafari Fi Sharha Kitab Al Qutubi Shareh Mufit Muhammad Shabbir Naeemi Poornavi (Read / Download)

Arabic / Urdu - Al-Tahzeeb 
  • Arabic - Farh At-Taqreeb Sharh Tahzeeb - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Agraz Tahzeeb Sharah Tahzeeb اغراض التہذیب و شرح تہذیب - Muhammad Yusuf ul Qadri (Maslak Brelviyyah) - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Anwaar ut Tahzeeb Urdu Sharh Sharh ut Tahzeeb انوار التھذیب - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Al Tasheel ut Tarteeb Urdu Sharh Sharh ut Tahzeeb التسھیل الترتیب - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Sharh ul Labeeb Urdu Sharh Sharh ut Tahzeeb صرح اللبیب - Read / Download
  • Urdu -  Siraj ut Tahzeeb Urdu Sharh Sharh ut Tahzeeb سراج التھذیب - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Al Taqreeb Urdu Sharh Sharh ut Tahzeeb التقریب - Read / Download

Arabic - Anwari Mantiq
Published by: Madrasah Al-Imam Anwarullah
Read / Download

Urdu - Asan Taiseer ul Mantiq
Muhammad Umar Deravi
​Read / Download

Urdu - Asas ul Mantiq Urdu Sharh Taiseer Ul Mantiq اساس المنطق
Vol1: Read / Download
Vol2: Read / Download

Urdu - Asas ul Hikmat Urdu Sharh Hidayat ul Hikmat اساس الحکمۃ
by محمد طفیل قاسمی
Read / Download

Urdu - Asan Mantiq
Maulana Saeed Ahmed Palanpuri
Read / Download

Urdu - Aqal Aur Us Ka Maqam (Ibn Abi Dunya)
Read / Download

​Arabic - Badee ul Mizan Arabic Sharh Mizan ul Mantiq بدیع المیزان
Downland (4MB) / Read Online

Urdu - Barakat ul Mantiq بركات المنطق
از افادات
استاذ العلماء علامہ محمد عثمان برکاتی صاحب
Read / Download​ 

Arabic / Urdu - Eisa Ghuchi
  • Arabic - Eisa Ghoji ایساغوجی - Read / Download
  • Arabic - Eisa Ghoji ایساغوجی with Hashia (Sharh) Yakruzi - Read / Download
  • Arabic - Qala Aqool Arabic Sharh Eisa Ghoji قال اقول - Downland (2MB) / Read Online
    Urdu - Dars e Eisa Ghoji Urdu Sharh Eisa Ghoji درس ایساغوجی - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Al Sharifi Urdu Sharh Eisa Ghoji الشریفی - Read / Download
  • Urdu - Siraj ul Mantiq Urdu Sharh Eisa Ghoji سراج المنطق - Read / Download

Arabic - Falsafa Al-Insaan Inda Ibn Khaldoon
Read / Download

Urdu - Falsafa: Usool o Mubadi ki roshni main - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
​Read / Download

Arabic - Hidayat ul Hikmat ھدایۃ الحکمۃ (Philosophy)
Read / Download

Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam, Falsafa wa Mantaq ki Muzzamat - علم الکلام فلسفہ و منطق کی مذمت اور مشہور منطق پرستوں کی توبہ
زیر تبصرہ چودہ صفحات پر مشتمل یہ چھوٹا سا کتابچہ ’’علم الکلام فلسفہ ومنطق کی مذمت اور مشہور منطق پرستوں کی توبہ‘‘سعودی عرب کے معروف عالم دین شیخ عبد المحسن العباد کی کتاب قطف الجنی الدانی شرح مقدمۃ القیروانی صفحہ 54 تا 61 سے ماخوذ ہے اور ترجمہ کی سعادت محترم طارق علی بروہی نے حاصل کی ہے۔اس میں موصوف نے پہلے حصہ میں مختلف   علماء سلف مثلا امام شافعی، امام احمد بن حنبل ،امام ابو یوسف اور امام ذہبی وغیرہ جیسے اہل علم کے اقوال کی روشنی میں علم الکلام فلسفہ ومنطق کی مذمت پر استدلال کیا ہے اور اس کی خرابی کو واضح کیا ہے۔ اور دوسرے حصے میں مشہور منطق پرستوں کی توبہ اور رجوع الی الحق کے واقعات کو بیان کیا ہے۔یہ کتابچہ اپنے موضوع پر ایک مفید اور راہنما تحریر ہے ۔اللہ تعالی سے دعا ہے کہ وہ اس کے فائدے کو عام کردے اور مسلمانوں کو منطق وفلسفہ جیسی فضولیات میں پڑنے کی بجائے براہ راست قرآن وحدیث پر عمل کرنے کی توفیق عطا فرمائے۔آمین۔
Read / Download

Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam by Maulana Idrees Kandhalvi (علم الکلام - مولانا ادریس کاندھلوی)
Read / Download

Arabic - ILM-UL-MANTIQ
by Dr. Naif Bin Nahar
​Read / Download

Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam
Allama Shibli Nomani (1200+ pages)
​Read / Download

Urdu - Ilm ul Kalam aur Al-Kalam
Allama Shibli Nomani (450+ pages)
​Read / Download

​Urdu - Iqd ul Aali (Ilm e Adab) Urdu عقدالآلی
Downland (3MB) / Read Online

Arabic - Kitab Islah-al - Mantiq
Abu Khair Zaid Bin Rifaeah (Publication date 1886)
​Read / Download

Urdu - Jawahir ul Mantiq
Maulana Badr ud Din Qadri
Read / Download

Arabic - Logical fallacies
المغالطات المنطقية في وسائل الإعلام
Read / Download

Urdu - Mantaq E Istaqraiya (Inductive Logic) - Written for F.A. Students
Read / Download

Urdu - Mantaq Istakhrajia (Deductive Logic)
Vol1: Read / Download
Vol2: Read / Download

Arabic - Mulla Abdul Ghafoor 
  • ​Arabic - Majmooa e Mulla Abdul Ghafoor مجموعہ عبدالغفور - Downland (23MB) / Read Online
  • Arabic - Masdar Us Sudoor Arabic Sharh Mulla Abdul Ghafoor مصدر السرور - ​Downland (11MB) / Read Online

Urdu - Nisab ul Mantaq (Maslak Brelvia)
Read/ Download

Arabic - Majmooa e Mantiq مجموعہ منطق
Downland (4MB) / Read Online

​Arabic - Majmooa e Mir Zahid Arabic Sharh Umoor e Aama میر زاھد
Downland (9MB) / Read Online

Arabic - Mausu'ah Mustalahat Ilmul Mantiq
​Read / Download

​Arabic - Marah ul Arwah مراح الارواح
Downland (7MB) / Read Online

Urdu - Marksi Falsfa Aur Jadeed Science
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Urdu - Moeen ul Falsafa معین الفلسفہ
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Urdu - Mubadi Al Falsafa مبادی الفلسفہ - Sheikh Saeed Ahmed Palanpuri
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Urdu - Mumbadi al hikmat wa mantiq مبادی حکمت و منطق by Molvi Nazir Ahmed; Published 1871
Read / Download

Arabic - Mussalim us Suboot
  • Mafateeh ul Buyoot - Sharh Musallam us Suboot مسلم الثبوت - Downland (5MB) / Read Online
  • Taleeq ul Man'oot - Sharh Musallam us Suboot مسلم الثبوت - Downland (4MB) / Read Online

Farsi - Risala Mantiq
​Read / Download ​

​Arabic - Sadra Arabic Sharh Hidayat ul Hikmat صدرا
Downland (11MB) / Read Online

Arabic - Shafiah - Jaar Bardi Arabic Sharh Al Shafiah جاربردی
Downland (10MB) / Read Online

Arabic - Shams ul Bazegha شمس البازغہ
Downland (11MB) / Read Online

Arabic - Sharh Tahzeeb شرح تھذیب
Read / Download

Arabic / Urdu - Sullam ul Uloom
  • Arabic - Tahreer e Kandia Arabic Sharh Sullam ul Uloom تحریر کندیا - Downland (7MB) / Read Online
  • Arabic - Mulla Hasan Arbic Sharh Sullam ul Uloom ملا حسن - Downland (9MB) / Read Online 
  • Arabic - Qazi Mubarak Arbic Sharh Sullam ul Uloom القاضی - Downland (17MB) / Read Online
  • Arabic - Bahrul Uloom Arabic Sharh Sullam ul Uloom بحرالعلوم - Downland (8MB) / Read Online
  • Arabic - Zia un Nujoom Arabic Sharh Sullam ul Uloom ضیاء النوم - Downland (8MB) / Read Online
  • Arabic - Hamd Allah Arbic Sharh Sullam ul Uloom(Tasdiqaat) حمداللہ - Downland (10MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Agraaz Salm Al Aloom اغراض سلم العلوم - Muhammad Yusuf ul Qadri - Download (11 MB) / Read 
  • Urdu - Is’aad ul Mafhoom Urdu Sharh Sullam ul Uloom اسعاد المفھوم (Download: Vol1, Vol2; Read Online: Vol 1, Vol 2)
  • Urdu - Irshad Ul Fuhoom Urdu Sharh Sullam ul Uloom ارشاد الفھوم - Downland (4MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Kashf ul Uloom Urdu Sharh Sullam ul Uloom کشف العلوم - Downland (4MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Badr un Nujoom Urdu Sharh Sullam ul Uloom بدر النجوم - Downland (8MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Mizan ul Uloom Urdu Sharh Sullam ul Uloom میزان العلوم - Downland (3MB) / Read Online
  • Urdu - Al Tuhfat un Nomania Urdu Sharh Sharh-e-Sullam ul Kofamvia التحفۃ النعمانیہ - Downland (7MB) / Read Online
​
Arabic - Tahafut Al-Falsafa - Imam Ghazali
عنوان الكتاب: تهافت الفلاسفة
 المؤلف: أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي
 المحقق: سليمان دنيا
تحميل ,تصفح

Urdu - Taleem ul Mantiq تعلیم المنطق برائے درس نظامی - Hafiz Abdus Sattar Saeedi 
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Urdu - Tahqiq ul Hikmat Urdu Sharh Hidayat ul Hikmat تحقیق الحکمۃ
Read / Download

Urdu - Tareekh e Ilm ul Kalam
Maulana Shibli Nomani
Read / Download

Urdu - Taiseer Ul Mantiq تیسیر المنطق
Read / Download
Colored version: Read / Download

Urdu - Tanqeed Aqal Mahaz تنقید عقل محض
کانٹ اور اس کی مشہور و معروف زیر مطالعہ کتاب ’تنقید عقل محض‘ کو جو اہمیت جدید فلسفے میں حاصل ہے اسے اہل نظر بخوبی جانتے ہیں۔ اس میں فلسفے کے سب اہم مسئلہ یعنی نظریہ علم کو موضوع بحث بنایا گیا ہے۔ لیکن یہ کتاب جس قدر اہم ہے اسی قدر مشکل ہے اس لیے کہ ایک تو موضوع کافی ادق ہے دوسرا کانٹ کا اسلوب بیان پیچیدگی سے خالی نہیں۔ برصغیر پاک و ہند میں فلسفے کا ذوق رکھنے والے عموماً جرمن زبان سے واقف نہیں ہیں اس لیے ان کی دسترس صرف کانٹ کی تصانیف کے انگریزی ترجموں تک ہےجبکہ ’تنقید عقل محض‘ کے جتنے انگریزی تراجم ہوئے ہیں وہ اصل کتاب سے بھی زیادہ پیچیدہ ہیں۔ اس مشکل کو محترم عابد حسین نے بہت خوش اسلوبی سے حل کیا ہے اور اس کتاب کا ایسا اردو ترجمہ کیا ہے کہ بہت سے ہندوستانیوں کو اس کتاب کے مطالب و معانی میں سمجھنے میں کسی مشکل کا سامنا نہیں کرنا پڑتا۔ انھوں نے کتاب کے مضمون کو صحت، سلاست اور وضاحت کے ساتھ ادا کرنے کی پوری کوشش کی ہے۔ محترم مترجم نے ترجمہ کے لیے صرف دوسرے ایڈیشن کو سامنے رکھا ہے جو کانٹ نے اصلاح و ترمیم کے بعد شائع کیا تھا اور جو متفقہ طور پر مستند مانا جاتا ہے۔ پوری کتاب کا ترجمہ کرنے کے بجائے صرف دو تہائی ترجمے پر اکتفا کیا گیا ہے جس میں اصل مسئلے یعنی نظریہ علم کا ذکر ہے۔
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Urdu: Taqub Al Falasifah
 'تھافت الفلاسفہ' کا ترجمہ 'تعاقب فلاسفہ' 
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Arabic - Tasheel Ul Mantiq تسھیل المنطق
Read / Download

Urdu - Talkhees ul Mantiq
Read / Download

Arabic - Uqood ud Durar عقود الدرر
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Urdu - Yusra (a very easy book)
By Maulana Afzal ul Haq Qasmi Azmi ra
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Arabic - Zanjani زنجانی
Version 1: Downland (4MB) / Read Online; Version 2: Downland (4MB) / Read Online

​Farsi / Persian - Qawaneen e Zarradi قوانین زرادی
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